Brief as the lighting in the collied night, That, in a spleen, unfolds
both heaven and earth, And ere a man hath power to say, 'Behold!' The
jaws of darkness do devour it up: So quick bright things come to
confusion.
Midsummer Night's Dream
The project of making a third attempt this season was mooted immediately on the return of Finch and Geoffrey Bruce to the Base Camp. There in hours of idleness had discussed their prospects and wondered what they would be doing as we gazed at the mountain to make the weather on the great ridge. We were not surprised to learn when they came down that the summit was still unconquered, and we were not yet prepared to accept defeat. The difficulty was to find a party. Of the six who had been already engaged only one was obviously fit for another great effort. Somervell had shown a recuperative capacity beyond the rest of us. After one day at the base had insisted on going up again to Camp 3 in case he might be of use to the others.
Midsummer Night's Dream
The project of making a third attempt this season was mooted immediately on the return of Finch and Geoffrey Bruce to the Base Camp. There in hours of idleness had discussed their prospects and wondered what they would be doing as we gazed at the mountain to make the weather on the great ridge. We were not surprised to learn when they came down that the summit was still unconquered, and we were not yet prepared to accept defeat. The difficulty was to find a party. Of the six who had been already engaged only one was obviously fit for another great effort. Somervell had shown a recuperative capacity beyond the rest of us. After one day at the base had insisted on going up again to Camp 3 in case he might be of use to the others.
The rest were more or less
knocked out.Morshead's frost-bitten fingers and toes, from which
he was now suffering constant pain, caused grave anxiety of most
serious consequences, and the only plan for him was to go down to a lower
elevation as soon as possible. Norton's feet had also been affected; he
complained at first only of bruises, but the cold had come through the soles of
his boots; his trouble too was frost-bite. In any case he could not have come
up again, for the strain had told on his heart and he now found himself left
without energy or strength.
Geoffrey Bruce's feet also were so badly frost-bitten
that he could not walk. Finch, however, was not yet to be counted out. He was
evidently very much exhausted, but an examination of his heart revealed no
disorder; it was hoped that in five or six days he would be able to start
again. My own case was doubtful. Of my frost-bitten finger-tips only one was
giving trouble; the extremity above the first joint was black, but the injury
was not very deep. Longstaff, who took an interest which we all appreciated in
preventing us from doing ourselves permanent injury, pointed out the
probability that fingers already touched and highly susceptible to cold would
be much more severely injured next time, and was inclined to turn me down, from
his medical point of view, on account of my fingers alone.
A much more serious
matter was the condition of my heart. I felt weak and lazy when it was a
question of the least physical exertion, and the heart was found to have a
"thrill". Though I was prepared to take risks with my fingers I was
prepared to take none with my heart, even had General Bruce allowed me.
However, I did not abandon hope. My heart was examined again on June 3rd, no
thrill was heard, and though my pulse was rapid and accelerated quickly with
exertion it was capable of satisfactory recovery. We at once arranged that
Somervell, Finch and I, together with Wakefield and Crawford, should set forth
the same day.
It was already evident that whatever we were to do
would now have to wait for the weather. Though the Lama at the Rongbuk
Monastery had told us that the monsoon was usually to be expected about June
10th, and we knew that it was late last year, the signs of its approach were
gathering every day. Mount Everest could rarely be seen after 9 or 10 a.m.
until the clouds cleared away in the evening; and a storm approaching from the
West Rongbuk Glacier would generally sweep down the valley in the afternoon.
Though we came to despise this blustering phenomenon — for nothing worse came
of it than light hail or snow, either at our camp or higher — we should want
much fairer days for climbing, and each storm threatened to be the beginning of
something far more serious.
However, we planned to be on the spot to take any
chance that offered. The signs were even more ominous than usual as Finch and I
walked up to Camp I on the afternoon of June 3rd; we could hardly feel
optimistic; and it was soon apparent that, far from having recovered his
strength, my companion was quite unfit for another big expedition. We walked
slowly and frequently halted; it was painful to see what efforts it cost him to
make any progress. However, he persisted in coming on.
We had not long disposed ourselves comfortably within
the four square walls of our "sangar", always a pleasant change from
the sloping sides of a tent, when snow began to fall. Released at last by the
west wind which had held it back, the monsoon was free to work its will, and we
soon understood that the great change of weather had now come. Fine, glistening
particles were driven by the wind through the chinks in our walls, to be
drifted on the floor or on our coverings where we lay during the night; and as
morning grew the snow still fell as thickly as ever. Finch wisely decided to go
back, and we charged him with a message to General Bruce, saying that we saw no
reason at present to alter our plans. With the whole day to spend confined and
inactive we had plenty of time to consider what we ought to do under these
conditions.
We went over well-worn arguments once more. It would have been an
obvious and easy course, for which no one could reproach us, to have said
simply: The monsoon has come; this is the end of the climbing season; it is
time to go home. But the case, we felt, was not yet hopeless. The monsoon is
too variable and uncertain to be so easily admitted as the final arbiter. There
might yet be good prospects. ahead of us. It was not unreasonable to expect an
interval of fine weather after the first heavy snow, and with eight or ten fair
days a third attempt might still be made.. In any case, to retire now if the
smallest chance remained to us would be an unworthy end to the expedition. We
need not run our heads into obvious danger; but rather than be stopped by a
general estimate of conditions we would prefer to retire before some definite
risk that we were not prepared to take or simply failed to overcome the
difficulties.
After a second night of unremitting snowfall the
weather on the morning of June 5th improved and we decided to go on. Low and
heavy clouds were still flowing down the East Rongbuk Glacier, but
precipitation ceased at an early hour and the sky brightened to the west. It
was surprising, after all we had seen of the flakes passing our door, that no
great amount of snow was lying on the stones about our camp. But the snow had
come on a warm current and melted or evaporated, so that after all the depth
was no more than 6 inches at this elevation (17,500 ft). Even on the glacier we
went up a long way before noticing a perceptible increase of depth. We passed
Camp II, not requiring to halt at this stage, and were well up towards Camp III
before the fresh snow became a serious impediment. It was still snowing up
here, though not very heavily; there was nothing to cheer the grey scene; the
clinging snow about our feet was so wet that even the best of our boots were
soaked through, and the last two hours up to Camp III were tiresome enough.
Nor
was it a cheering camp when we reached it. The tents had been struck for the
safety of the poles, but not packed up. We found them now half-full of snow and
ice. The stores were all buried; everything that we wanted had first to be dug
out.
The snow up here was so much deeper that we anxiously
discussed the possibility of going farther. With 15 to 18 inches of snow to
contend with, not counting drifts, the labour would be excessive, and until the
snow solidified there would be considerable danger at several points. But the
next morning broke fine; we had soon a clear sky and glorious sunshine; it was
the warmest day that any of us remembered at Camp III; and as we watched the
amazing rapidity with which the snow solidified and the rocks began to appear
about our camp, our spirits rose.
The side of Everest facing us looked white
and cold; but we observed a cloud of snow blown from the North Ridge; it would
not be long at this rate before it was fit to climb. We had already resolved to
use oxygen on the third attempt. It was improbable that we should beat our own
record without it, for the strain of previous efforts would count against us,
and we had not the time to improve on our organization by putting a second camp
above the North Col. Somervell, after Finch's explanation of the mechanical
details, felt perfectly confident that he could manage the oxygen apparatus,
and all those who had used oxygen were convinced that they went up more easily
with its help than they could expect to go without it. Somervell and I intended
to profit by the experience.
They had discovered that the increased combustion
in the body required a larger supply of food; we must arrange for a bountiful
provision. Their camp at 25,000 ft had been too low; we would try to establish
one now, as we had intended before, at 26,000 ft. And we hoped for a further
advantage in going higher than Finch and Bruce had done before using oxygen;
whereas they had started using it at 21,000 ft, we intended to go up to our old
camp at 25,000 ft without it, perhaps use a cylinder each up to 26,000 ft, and
at all events start from that height for the summit with a full supply of four
cylinders. If this was not the correct policy as laid down by Professor Dryer,
it would at least be a valuable experiment.
Our chief anxiety under these new conditions was to
provide for the safety of our porters. We hoped that after fixing our fifth
camp at 26,000 ft, at the earliest three days hence, on the fourth clay of fine
weather the porters might be able to go down by themselves to the North Col in
easy conditions; to guard against the danger of concealed crevasses there
Crawford would meet them at the foot of the North Ridge to conduct them
properly roped to Camp IV. As the supply officer at this camp he would also be
able to superintend the descent over the first steep slope of certain porters
who would go down from Camp IV without sleeping after carrying up their loads.
But the North Col had first to be reached. With so
much new snow to contend with we should hardly get there in one day. If we were
to make the most of our chance in the interval of fair weather, we should lose
no time in carrying up the loads for some part of the distance. It was decided
therefore to begin this work on the following day, June 7th.
In the ascent to the North Col after the recent
snowfall we considered that an avalanche was to be feared only in one place,
the steep final slope below the shelf. There we could afford to run no risk; we
must test the snow and be certain that it was safe before we could cross this
slope. Probably we should be obliged to leave our loads below it, having gained,
as a result of our day's work, the great advantage of a track. An avalanche
might also come down, we thought, on the first steep slope where the ascent
began. Here it could do us no harm, and the behavior of the snow on this slope
would be a test of its condition.
The party, Somervell, Crawford and I, with fourteen
porters (Wakefield was to be supply officer at Camp III), set out at 8 a.m. In
spite of the hard frost of the previous night, the crust was far from bearing
our weight; we sank up to our knees in almost every step, and two hours were
taken in traversing the snowfield. At 10.15 a.m. Somervell, I, a porter, and
Crawford, roped up in that order, began to work up the steep ice-slope, now
covered with snow. It was clear that the three of us without loads must take
the lead in turns stamping out the tracks for our porters. These men, after
their immense efforts on the first and second attempts, had all volunteered to
"go high", as they said once more, and everything must be done to
ease the terrible work of carrying the loads over the soft snow. No trace was
found of our previous tracks, and we were soon arguing as to where exactly they
might be as we slanted across the slope.
It was remarkable that the snow
adhered so well to the ice that we were able to get up without cutting steps.
Everything was done by trenching the snow to induce it to come down if it
would; every test gave a satisfactory result. Once this crucial place was
passed, we plodded on without hesitation. If the snow would not come down where
we had formerly encountered steep bare ice, a fortiori, above, on the gentler
slopes, we had nothing to fear. The thought of an avalanche was dismissed from
our minds.
It was necessarily slow work forging our way through
the deep snow, but the party was going extraordinarily well, and the porters
were evidently determined to get on. Somervell gave us a long lead, and
Crawford next, in spite of the handicap of shorter legs, struggled upwards in
some of the worst snow we met until I relieved him. I found the effort at each
step so great that no method of breathing I had formerly employed was adequate;
it was necessary to pause after each lifting movement for a whole series of
breaths, rapid at first and gradually slower, before the weight was transferred
again to the other foot. About 1.30 p.m. I halted, and the porters, following
on three separate ropes, soon came up with the leading party. We should have
been glad to stay where we were for a long rest. But the hour was already late,
and as Somervell was ready to take the lead again, we decided to push on. We
were now about 400 ft below a conspicuous block of ice and 600 ft below Camp
IV, still on the gentle slopes of the corridor. Somervell had advanced only 100
ft, rather up the slope than across it, and the last party of porters had
barely begun to move up in the steps. The scene was peculiarly bright and
windless, and as we rarely spoke, nothing was to be heard but the laboured
panting of our lungs. This stillness was suddenly disturbed. We were startled
by an ominous sound, sharp, arresting, violent, and yet somehow soft like an
explosion of untamped gunpowder.
I had never before on a mountainside heard
such a sound; but all of us, I imagine, knew instinctively what it meant, as
though we had been accustomed to hear it every day of our lives. In a moment I
observed the surface of the snow broken and puckered where it had been even for
a few yards to the right of me. I took two steps convulsively in this direction
with some quick thought of getting nearer to the edge of the danger that
threatened us. And then I began to move slowly downwards, inevitably carried on
the whole moving surface by a force I was utterly powerless to resist. Somehow
I managed to turn out from the slope so as to avoid being pushed headlong and
backwards down it. For a second or two I seemed hardly to be in danger as I
went quietly sliding down with the snow. Then the rope at my waist tightened
and held me back. A wave of snow came over me and I was buried. I supposed that
the matter was settled. However, I called to mind experiences related by other
parties; and it had been suggested that the best chance of escape in this
situation lay in swimming. I thrust out my arms above my head and actually went
through some sort of motions of swimming on my back. Beneath the surface of the
snow, with nothing to inform the senses of the world outside it, I had no
impression of speed after the first acceleration – I struggled in the tumbling
snow, unconscious of everything else – until, perhaps only a few seconds
later, I knew the pace was easing up. I felt an increasing pressure about my
body. I wondered how tightly I should be squeezed, and then the avalanche came
to rest.
My arms were free; my legs were near the surface.
After a brief struggle, I was standing again, surprised and breathless, in the
motionless snow. But the rope was tight at my waist; the porter tied on next
me, I supposed, must be deeply buried. To my further surprise, he quickly
emerged, unharmed as myself. Somervell and Crawford too, though they had been
above me by the rope's length, were now quite close, and soon extricated
themselves. We subsequently made out that their experiences had been very
similar to mine. But where were the rest? Looking down over the foam of snow, we
saw one group of porters some little distance, perhaps 150 ft, below us.
Presumably the others must be buried somewhere between us and them, and though
no sign of these missing men appeared, we at once prepared to find and dig them
out.
The porters we saw still stood their ground instead of coming up to help.
We soon made out that they were the party who had been immediately behind us,
and they were pointing below them. They had travelled farther than us in the
avalanche, presumably because they were nearer the centre, where it was moving
more rapidly. The other two parties, one of four and one of five men roped
together, must have been carried even farther. We could still hope that they
were safe. But as we hurried down we soon saw that beneath the place where the
four porters were standing was a formidable drop; it was only too plain that
the missing men had been swept over it. We had no difficulty in finding a way
round this obstacle; in a very short time we were standing under its shadow.
The ice-cliff was from forty to sixty feet high in different places; the
crevasse at its foot was more or less filled up with avalanche snow. Our fears
were soon confirmed. One man was quickly uncovered and found to be still
breathing; before long we were certain that he would live.
Another whom we dug
out near him had been killed by the fall. He and his party appeared to have
struck the hard lower lip of the crevasse, and were lying under the snow on or
near the edge of it. The four porters who had escaped soon pulled themselves
together after the first shock of the accident, and now worked here with
Crawford and did everything they could to extricate the other bodies, while
Somervell and I went down into the crevasse. A loop of rope which we pulled up
convinced us that the other party must be here. It was slow work loosening the
snow with the pick or adze of an ice-axe and shovelling it with the hands. But
we were able to fallow the rope to the bodies. One was dug up lifeless; another
was found upside down, and when we uncovered his face Somervell thought he was
still breathing.
We had the greatest difficulty in extricating this man, so
tightly was the snow packed about his limbs; his load, four oxygen cylinders on
a steel frame, had to be cut from his back, and eventually he was dragged out.
Though buried for about forty minutes, he had survived the fall and the
suffocation, and suffered no serious harm. Of the two others in this party of
four, we found only one. We had at length to give up a hopeless search with the
certain knowledge that the first of them to be swept over the cliff, and the
most deeply buried, must long ago be dead. Of the other five, all the bodies
were recovered, but only one was alive. The two who had so marvellously escaped
were able to walk down to Camp III, and were almost perfectly well next day.
The other seven were killed.
George Leigh Mallory: First published in The assault on Mount Everest: Gen George Bruce: 1923.